盘点生物安全实验室
- 2014/8/14 15:06:43 13688
- 来源：仪表网
法国的让-梅里厄P4实验室
【仪表网 行业上下游】随着埃博拉疫情的日益严峻，美国疾控中心和世界卫生组织拉响埃博拉疫情警报，这也使媒体对埃博拉病毒关注的目光，纷纷转向研究埃博拉病毒的利器——P4实验室。
生物安全实验室共分4级(Biosafety Level 1-4)，生物安全4级实验室又常被称为P4实验室，P指Pathogen（病原）or Protection（保护）。生物安全4级实验室是生物安全研究领域的实验室，其造价也是昂贵的，因此数量很少。即使是在范围内，生物安全4级实验室也只有56个，这还包括一些正在建设中的。
56家P4实验室
| 序号 | 名 字 | 位 置 | 建设时间 | 说 明 |
| 1 | Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health | Australia, Queensland, Coopers Plains | ||
| 2 | Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) | Osong, Cheongwon county, North Chungcheong province, South Korea | 2013 | |
| 3 | University of Queensland - Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre (SASVRC) Royal Women's Hospital Brisbane P3 (BL3) | Australia, Queensland, Herston | ||
| 4 | Australian Animal Health Laboratory | Australia, Victoria, Geelong | ||
| 5 | National High Security Laboratory | Australia, Victoria, North Melbourne | National High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory. | |
| 6 | Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology | Belarus, Minsk | Department of Molecular Epidemiology & Innovational Biotechnologies | |
| 7 | National Microbiology Laboratory | Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg | Located at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, it is jointly operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. | |
| 8 | Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | China, Hubei, Wuhan | 2003 | Wuhan Institute of Virology already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct BSL-4 facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the original technology for confinement developed by France. It will be the first at level 4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli. |
| 9 | Biological Defense Center | Czech Republic, Pardubice, Těchonín | 1971, rebuilt 2003-2007 | Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center)[13] |
| 10 | Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux | France, Rhône-Alpes, Lyon | Jean Mérieux laboratory is a co-operation between the Pasteur Institute and INSERM. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level 4. | |
| 11 | Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville | Gabon | This facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4). | |
| 12 | Robert Koch Institute | Germany, Berlin | The facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, 2008. | |
| 13 | Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine | Germany, Hamburg | ||
| 14 | Friedrich Loeffler Institute on the Isle of Riems | Germany, Isle of Riems (Greifswald) | 2010 | Deals especially with virology |
| 15 | Philipps University of Marburg | Germany, Marburg | 2008 | The facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms |
| 16 | High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL) | India, Bhopal | 1998 | This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats. |
| 17 | Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology | India, Hyderabad | 2009 | National Bio-Safety Level-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases & Clinical Research Facility in Regenerative Medicine. |
| 18 | All India Institute of Medical Sciences | India, New Delhi | 1993 | Conducts studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new strains & vaccines. |
| 19 | Microbial Containment Complex | India, Pune | 2012 | Bio-Safety Level-IV Laboratory established by ICMR with support from Department of Science & Technology |
| 20 | Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco | Italy, Lombardy, Milan | A university hospital in Polo Universitario; it contains two special vehicles for transporting infectious persons. | |
| 21 | Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive | Italy, Lazio, Rome | This facility, (trans.) National Institute of Infectious Diseases, operates within the Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital. | |
| 22 | National Institute for Infectious Diseases | Japan, Tokyo, Musashimurayama | Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I; this lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is limited to perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from local residents and communities. | |
| 23 | Institute of Physical and Chemical Research | Japan, Ibaraki, Tsukuba | This is a non-operating BSL-4 facility. | |
| 24 | Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) | Netherlands, Bilthoven | 2009 | |
| 25 | Cantacuzino Microbiological Research Institute (INCDMI) | Romania, Bucharest | ||
| 26 | "Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Hospital | Romania, Bucharest | ||
| 27 | State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR | Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo | It is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. The other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled. | |
| 28 | National Institute for Communicable Diseases | South Africa, Johannesburg | National Institute for Communicable Diseases of Special Pathogens Unit is one of only two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on the continent. | |
| 29 | Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control | Sweden, Solna | Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control is Scandinavia's P4 facility. | |
| 30 | University Hospital of Geneva | Switzerland | ||
| 31 | Spiez Laboratory | Switzerland, Spiez | ||
| 32 | Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆阳实验室) Center of Disease Control | Taiwan | Part of the Department of Health, Taiwan. | |
| 33 | Preventive Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National Defense | Taiwan | ||
| 34 | Health Protection Agency's Centre for Infections | United Kingdom, Colindale | Located in the Viral Zoonosis unit. | |
| 35 | National Institute for Medical Research | United Kingdom, London | ||
| 36 | Institute for Animal Health | United Kingdom, Pirbright | ||
| 37 | Institute for Animal Health Compton Laboratory | United Kingdom, Compton | ||
| 38 | Defence Science and Technology Laboratory | United Kingdom, Porton Down | ||
| 39 | Health Protection Agency | United Kingdom, Porton Down | Special Pathogens Reference Unit. | |
| 40 | Health Protection Agency | United Kingdom, Porton Down | Botulism. | |
| 41 | Francis Crick Institute[22] | United Kingdom, London | Under construction. The UKCMRI will not work on Human Hazard Group 4 agents. | |
| 42 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | United States, Georgia, Atlanta | Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. | |
| 43 | Georgia State University | United States, Georgia, Atlanta | Is an older design "glovebox" facility. | |
| 44 | National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Kansas State University | United States, Kansas, Manhattan | Under construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (which is not a BSL-4 facility). Planned to be operational by 2015, but likely delayed. | |
| 45 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) | United States, Maryland, Bethesda | Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents. | |
| 46 | Integrated Research Facility | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | Under construction. This facility will be operated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it is planned to begin operating at 2009 at the earliest. | |
| 47 | National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | Under construction, it will be operated for the Department of Homeland Security. | |
| 48 | US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | 1969 | Old building |
| 49 | US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | 2017 | New building, currently under construction |
| 50 | National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University | United States, Massachusetts, Boston | Under construction by Boston University, building and staff training complete, waiting for regulatory approval. | |
| 51 | NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories | United States, Montana, Hamilton | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases | |
| 52 | Kent State University, Kent Campus | United States, Ohio, Kent | Operates as a clean lab at level 3 for training purposes. Scheduled for conversion to a hot level 4 lab in response to a bioterrorism event in the USA. | |
| 53 | Galveston National Laboratory, National Biocontainment Facility | United States, Texas, Galveston | Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch.[23] | |
| 54 | Shope Laboratory | United States, Texas, Galveston | Operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). | |
| 55 | Texas Biomedical Research Institute | United States, Texas, San Antonio | The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US. | |
| 56 | Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services | United States, Virginia, Richmond | This facility is part of the Department of General Services of the Commonwealth of Virginia. so called "surge" BSL-4 capacity. |
P4实验室适用于对人体具有高度危险性，通过气溶胶途径传播或传播途径不明，目前尚无有效的疫苗或治疗方法的致病微生物及其毒素。与上述情况类似的不明微生物接触，也必须在P4实验室中进行。正因为如此，有人把P4实验室叫做“魔鬼实验室”，这个实验室中装有特殊的空调系统，进入这里的空气温度与湿度都是预先设定好的，过滤程度达到99.999％，能保障空气在整个环境中一小时循环多次。实验室采用定向负压系统，其核心区的压强达到负40帕，这样实验室空气的流动，只能是通过过滤器从外面进来，而保证实验室内的空气不向外流动。
各地P4实验室的设计不尽相同，典型的P4实验室由更衣区、过滤区、缓冲区、消毒区、核心区组成。在实验室的四周装有空气过滤器。到达实验室的核心区，总共有10道门，里面的7道门是互锁的，也就是说，如果一道门没有关好，另一道门肯定打不开，这样避免空气的流通。更衣区依次为外更衣室、淋浴室和内更衣室。消毒区为化学淋浴室，工作人员离开主实验室时首先经过化学淋浴消毒正压防护服表面。核心区任何相邻的门之间都有自动连锁装置，防止两个相邻的门被同时打开。对于不能从更衣室携带进出主实验室的材料、物品和器材，应在主实验室墙上设置具有双门结构的高压灭菌锅、浸泡消毒槽、熏蒸室或带有消毒装置的通风传递窗，以便进行传递或消毒。核心区里配有生物安全柜、超低温冰箱、离心机、电热细胞培养柜、显微镜和实验台、小型动物实验室等。生物安全柜顶上有一个直径0.5米左右的粗管子，直接通到房顶，它也是负压状态的，一些主要的操作都需要在生物安全柜中进行。
从P4实验室拿出的相关的物品必须通过高压灭菌锅消毒后，再用洁净袋充分包装，然后通过传递窗传到准备间。离开P4时，核心区的工作人员要相互间把全身从上到下消毒一遍才能走到缓冲间，在缓冲间除去外层防护服、口罩、外层手套，然后将这些放入灭菌容器或消毒袋内。关闭实验室门之后，再取下防护眼镜，将其放入传递窗进行消毒。然后，工作人员经过另外一个缓冲间，退到准备间。在这里他们才可以取下身上所有的防护器具，立即在沐浴室洗澡后，才可离开实验室。P4实验室有严格、复杂的管理程序，为了保证P4实验室的安全，只有得到批准和持有磁卡通行证的人才能进入，有的通过指纹门禁系统进入，而且所有出入的人员都由电脑记录在案。
这56个生物安全实验室遍布世界五大洲，其中非洲大陆只有两个，分别位于南非和加蓬。单论国家而言，美国多，有15个，其中包括一个正在建设中的、隶属军队的实验室，还包括一个归私人所有的P4实验室，位于Texas Biomedical Research Institute，德州生物医学研究所。
我国的一个P4实验室，位于中科院武汉病毒所，目前尚在建设中。该实验室依托于武汉大学和中科院武汉病毒所的病毒学国家重点实验室，由世界排名的法国P4实验室合作建设，前期基础建设投入约2亿。
根据媒体报道，如果进展顺利，该实验室到今年年底会有一个阶段性的成果，但是距离能够使用还有一段距离。相信目前的埃博拉疫情必须会推动该实验室的建设速度。
除了埃博拉病毒，一些高致病性病毒，如马尔堡病毒、拉萨（Lassa）病毒、克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒、玻利维亚和阿根廷出血热病毒等都必须要在P4实验室操作。
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